Michel Foucault And Judith Butler Influencing Queerness Film Studies Essay

Michel Foucault And Judith stilller Influencing Queerness Film Studies EssayIn this essay I go out be looking at the work of Michel Foucault and Judith butler seeing how their work has influence queerness. I will start the essay by looking at the man, Michel Foucault, followed by studying his work on sexuality and quirk. I will accordingly look at Judith Butler and her work on sexual urge performances. I will also be giving con fleeting examples of homos in the modern solar day by looking at trio different homosexual tv rope presenters to show how the construction of homosexual figures has run throughn place in recent years. I will also be looking at how gender performances take place in these examples of homosexuals.Michel Foucault The BackgroundMichel Foucault was born in France in 1926. He was kn deliver as a philosopher, sociologist and a historian. In all three of these argonas he was very influential, pi mavinering many an(prenominal) different concepts that helped transitionise their certain fields. Foucault continues to be one of the most important figures in critical theory.Foucault is best known for his critical studies on social institutions such as the prison system, medicine, the human sciences and for his work on the history of human sexuality which I will be discussing later.His theories hold up been mostly concerned with the concepts of power and the relationship among power, knowledge and discourse, and his influence is clear in a great deal of post-structuralism, post-modernist, feminist, post-Marxist and post-colonial theorising (Mills 2003).Foucault suffered from depression and attempted suicide on many different occasions. This could be as Mills says due to the great difficulty at the era about existenceness openly homosexual, but it does suggest that his marked interest in psychology stemmed from elements in his own life (Eribon 1991 27).All though Foucault died of AIDS in 1984, his ideas set out and still cause much debate. His ideas have never been simply accommodated by theorists around the world. This is due to the iconoclastic and gainsay nature of Foucaults theoretical work (Mills 2003).Michel Foucault The History of genderDuring Foucaults life, he wrote three volumes of The History of Sexuality. In this essay I will be focusing on his ideas on sexuality and society.The first Volume of Michel Foucaults book History of Sexuality was published in 1978, which was written near the end of a period of time called the sexual revolution in the western culture (Spargo 1999). The sexual revolution was a time where peoples thoughts and opinions shifted in regards to how they viewed sexuality throughout the western world.The book presents a powerful counter narrative to the established story about nice sexual repression giving way to progressive liberation and enlightenment in the twentieth century (Spargo 1999).For example, Foucault describes how in the 17th century onwards sexuality was dark fr om view. People were subjected to a power of repression. But as Spargo describes, this all changed in the 20th century.Sexuality was still there, simmering under the prim surface of nineteenth century bourgeois respectability, but it was stifled by prohibitions and repressions. Until, that is, it, and we, were liberated in the age of the mini-skirt and the analyst, revealing our legs and our innermost impulses, bringing it all out into the open (Spargo 1999).This was easier for slightly but non quite as easy for others. Some struggled with the free expression they were able to give to their sexual desires. People turned to therapists and counsellors to help constitute freedom for the years of prohibitions. Did this mean that sexuality was always waiting for us to free it?In Foucaults opinion no. His view was that sexuality wasnt waiting to be freed or repressed but rather sexuality was and is produced in culture and society.Foucault rejected this repression hypothesis and claime d evidence pointed not to a prohibition on utter about sexuality but to a remarkable proliferation of discourses about sexuality (Spargo 1999). He didnt want people to assume that the repression from the 17th-19th century was effective. He believed that the repression increased the desire of people to express and discuss their sexuality in ways which were seen as violating the taboos of society.If sex is repressed, that is condemned to prohibition, non-existence and silence, then the mere fact that one is speaking about it has the carriage of a deliberate transgression. A person who holds forth in such language upsets established law and he/she somehow anticipates the coming freedom (Foucault 1986).He didnt believe that sexuality was natural or a normal aspect of life but rather a construction of experiences which has historical, social and cultural beginnings.As I have already discussed Foucault described how the process of restriction had created an increased excitement about se xuality, but he believed that the effect of the repressive discourse patently encouraged perverse forms of sexuality and made them more attractive types of behaviour.The construction of homosexuality was one of Foucaults most thought provoking assertions. He believed that the category of homosexuality was created out of a particular context in the 1870s and that it should be viewed as a form of knowledge rather than a discovered identity. Foucault wasnt saying that selfsame(prenominal) sex practises werent accruing before the 19th century but, during this time it was seen as shameful rather than in the 19th century where people embraced same sex relationships and the confines homosexual.Foucault said, Homosexuality appeared as one of the forms of sexuality when it was transposed from the practice of sodomy onto a kind of interior androgyny, a hermaphrodism of the soul. The sodomite had been a temporary aberration the homosexual was seen as being totally suffused with sexuality (F oucault 1978).Since the construction of homosexuality in the 19th century, there has been an explosion of homosexual figures in the 20th century. The media have seemed to of caught the homosexual vibe with television system in particular employing homosexuals to present different plans. These programmes which are hosted by homosexuals are often quite particular programme genres. For example, you would often see a homosexual presenter on entertainment, pop culture and lifestyle programmes rather than documentaries, political shows, or on the news.This shows us that homosexuals are possibly seen as a joke, people who make us laugh by there actions, stories or vulgarity and possibly lack the intelligence or the seriousness to host programmes that require composure and a serious minded attitude towards the subject at hand.Here are three contemporary examples of homosexual TV presenters.The first is guy a called Alan Carr. He has worked on some of the biggest television programmes in t he 20th century such as, Friday Night Project, Alan Carrs Celebrity peal Dong and Alan Carr Chatty Man. Carr is famous for being camp, over the top and having a very unusual laugh that cant help but make you laugh. condescension being openly merry he doesnt consider his sexuality to be a focal part of his act. What am I meant to do? Do I go down the Julian Clary route and talk about fisting and poppers? I dont talk about being gay and I think what soften equality for gays than that? (Observer online 2008).Unlike many performers, Carr shies away from unnecessary cruelty, instead relying on his own authenticity to win over his audience. His on-stage persona is simply an extension of his own and therein lies the source of both his charm and his talent.Philosopher, Judith Butler who I will be speaking about later believes that we all put on gender performances and that gender, like sexuality, isnt a vital truth that has come from the bodys materiality but rather a regulatory fiction .The second man is called Dale Winton. Winton has been on television since 1987 and has frolic in many different types of television programmes. He is most famous for a programme called Supermarket Sweep which ran from 1993-2001. He was seen as the typical homosexual television presenter, very camp and over the top which is very much a trend in homosexual television hosts. During his time he was iconic for being overtly camp, tanned and often touchy feely with his guests, but he was never as he says a banner waving gay.Im not a banner-waving gay guy, because I actually dont believe its important. People never say vehement heterosexual Michael Parkinson, but it will say camp gay entertainer whole wheat flour Norton, or Dale Winton since Ive officially come out. (Times online 2008)The third and final television presenter I will be looking at is Graham Norton. He is arguably one of the most well known television presenters in recent years. Again he has many of the homosexual traits an d he describes himself on the channel 4 website as a shiny Irish proof.It does not take long to work out that his sexuality has played a large part in his arouse and success. His exceedingly camp style gives him the licence to be exceedingly rude without being offensive, and his quick wit, put-downs and one-liners have made him a homosexual icon.He has been criticised for being too camp and taking the gay stereotype to an extreme. Some gay men have said he is reinforcing the idea that a gay TV star has to be over-the-top and in the mould of like Kenneth Williams or Frankie Howerd. (BBC website, 2001)All three of these television presenters are examples of the 20th century homosexual. They all piece of land similar traits such as the in your face campness, being over the top and also being drama queens. The homosexual has grown and changed over time since its creation in the 19th century and will continue to change as time goes on.Foucault work on the analysis of sexuality has help ed in challenging the preconceived ideas of sexual characteristics.He argues that his study wasnt designed to be a history of sexual behaviours nor a history of representation, but a history of sexuality.Judith ButlerThe theorist most prominently associated with queerness and queer theory is American post-structuralist philosopher Judith Butler.Butler followed the work of Michel Foucault and used his work so she could investigate models of gender and heterosexuality.Butler argues that gender, like sexuality, isnt a vital truth that has come from the bodys materiality but rather a regulatory fiction.Gender is the repeated stylization of the body, a set of repeated acts within a highly rigid regulatory frame that congeal over time to produce the appearance of substance, of a natural fork of being (Butler 1990, p. 33)Butler argues that the sex you are i.e. Male or female is seen to cause a gender type i.e. masculine or feminine which is then seen to create a desire towards the other g ender. This is seen as a continuous series that is constantly reproducing itself.Inspired by Foucault, Butlers approach is to destroy the links betwixt that series so desire and gender are allowed to be flexible and not made to be steady factors.Butler argues that we all put on gender performances, and she says its not a question of whether this will take place, but in what form will this performance take. She believes that by choosing to be different, we might be able to change gender norms and the understanding of masculinity and femininity.Butler says There is no gender identity behind the expressions of gender identity is performatively constituted by the very expressions that are said to be its results. (Butler 1990, p.25).In other words, gender is a performance its what youdoat particular time, rather than a commonplacewho you are.This approach of gender is very similar to that of sexuality. Butler, Foucault and Queer theory all believe that your identity is not fixed but constructed at certain times or in certain situations. Foucault argued that sexuality was produced which overlaps on what Butler says about gender being performed/produced.This idea of identity as free floating and not connected to a real meaning but rather a performance, is one of the key ideas in the creation of queer theoryModern day examples of Butlers theory regarding gender performances are clear to see. The three examples of homosexual figures in television are examples of what Butler calls gender performances.All three of the television presenters that I have mention Alan Carr, Dale Winton and Graham Norton have created a performance of their gender at particular times. All three man perform their gender in different ways with Alan Carr using his over the top campness as a way of engaging with the audience, Dale Winton using his touchy feely sensual approach to his audience and Graham Norton using his homosexuality as a way of making jokes and putting others down without any consequences. The way in which all three act is a performance of some kind to either feel accepted or to gain a reaction from their audiences.ConclusionIn this essay I have looked at the work of Michel Foucault and Judith Butler, both of who have influenced the work of queerness in different ways. I have looked at Foucaults work on the repression in the priggish age and his work on homosexuality. I also looked at the modern day explosion of homosexuals on TV using the examples of three different TV presenters.I then went on to study Judith Butlers work which was influenced by Foucault on gender performances. I discussed how Butler believed that we all go through gender performances but that it isnt who we are, rather a time to time experience. On the back of this I took the example of the three homosexual television presenters and linked their characters to gender performances.Both these theorists have looked at themes in sexuality, gender and society, with some of there ideas over lapping, with both Foucault and Butler looking at sexuality and gender as constructed and performed by individuals. Foucault also looked at the construction of the homosexual figure and I have taken his work on further by looking at the characteristics of the homosexual figure as exemplified by modern day TV presenters.

Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Analysis

Internet Protocol random variable 6 (IPv6) AnalysisOverviewInternet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the near generation of protocol defined by InternetEngineering Task force (IETF) to replace the exiting IPv4 protocol. At present, the volume of Internet users tingeic flake 18 still employ IPv4 protocol, and aband iodind that virtually of current mesh cyberspace topologying applications and entanglement equipment run in IPv4 environments, the migration from IPv4 to IPv6 provoket be accomplished all overnight. It is predictable that the migration ordain be a long-term adjoin (it is forecasted that the service go out take 10 20 years). During the migration, IPv4 and IPv6 get out coexist in a aforesaid(prenominal) interlocking. This migration process poses new ch bo thusges on the routers that ar the center field equipment in IP net feed. Traditional routers slant accommodate new future net profit with IPv4/v6 coexistence. The routers must be meliorate and upgra ded so that they stool livelihood both(prenominal) IPv4 and IPv6.Given that the affection router is actually im behaviorant and carries huge Internet crafts, it must be able to sanction IPv6 publicity at fit rate. It agency ASIC chip, but non softw be program is used to back up IPv6 mailboat processing. At the similar time, it is very im expressionant that this incarnate bank consecrate any IPv4 per engineerance. After only, most of current professions is IPv4. The institutionalize router must expand to clog IPv6 routing tables and shoots to support IPv6 routing protocols, such as BGP4+, OSPFv3, ISISv6, RIPng and etc. It necessarily to support virtually migration strategy from IPv4 to IPv6, such as Tunnel, triplex Stack, Translation and etc.Same as more profit technologies, successful deployment of IPv6 relies on the deployment of the operators IPv6 net profit. As ace core component in IPv6 net profit, IPv6 core router is draw to network building, ap plications, performance and stability. At present, mainstream router vendors like Cisco and juniper announce that their routers bottom of the inning support IPv6 piece of music approximately traditional IT equipment manufactures, especially those in Japan, cerebrate Internet upgrade caused by IPv6 will change the whole landscape of router trade, which brings signifi stackt opportunities for them to enter router market. From 2000 to 2002, Hitachi, necrotizing enterocolitis and Fujitsu announced IPv6-capable core router to gain some market sh ar in new Internet network.It must be admitted that IPv6 is still in the initial flesh at present, which is reflected in the following aspects most IPv6 network is in trial phase, the number of access users is low, carried IPv6 works cant be comparable to IPv4, the interoperability surrounded by IPv6 equipment still needs to be proved, and network engineers lack in follow out in large-scale deployment and operation of IPv6 network. The l ack of data and experience is one of important causes that make some operators lack in confidence in IPv6 network deployment. Many operators take wait-and-see attitudes. In coiffure to prove IPv6 router (especially IPv6 core router), the support to IPv6, how atomic number 18 they performed and interoperated, provide a practical data basis for the operators to deploy IPv6 network and provide a reference for equipment manufactures to evaluate and improve their equipment, BII(Beijing Internet Institute) collaborate with 6TNet (IPv6 Telecom Trial Network) in China raveled IPv6 core routers from 4 vendors (Fujitsu, Hitachi, Juniper and necrotizing enterocolitis) in Beijing fromOctober to December 2002. BII performed protocol conformance, performance andinteroperability studys. In these analyses, we used the exam musical instruments provided by Agilent and regaind strong technical support from Agilent.The trial run is not a comparative performance visitation in varied router ve ndors. The purpose is to swear the feasibility of IPv6 deployment. With this audition, the screen out police squad thinks that all SUT (system under probe) has the ability to support commercial IPv6 network and provide basic IPv6 capabilities. They can support IPv6 routing protocols, support the forwarding of IPv6 datagram at cable rate and provide interoperability between them. From perspectives of pure technology, the rill team thinks the products have been ready to deploy basic IPv6 core network..Brief Descriptions of tryoutThe requirements for hardw atomic number 18 provided by the SUT (system under tribulation) are as followsIPv6-capable core routerOC48 SM ports (both ports must be in different boards)Supports both FE ports and GE ports. The number of FE ports and GE ports is no less(prenominal) than 3Finally, all vendors basically meet those requirements, although CX5210 provided by NEC doesnt support FE during the time of testing.The requirement for IPv6 capabiliti es provided by the SUT (system under test) accept support of IPv6 forwarding in hardware and support of related IPv6 routing protocols and migration strategy. Finally, all vendors meet our requirements as shown in the following table.Company IPv6 hardwareDual Stack RIPng OSPFv3 BGP4+ IPv6 over IPv4forwarding TunnelFujitsu 9 9 9 9 9 9Hitachi 9 9 9 9 9 9Juniper 9 9 9 9 9 9NEC 9 9 9 9 9 9The SUT (system under test) stylels and OS versions are shown in the following table.Company Model pas seulFujitsu Geostream R920 E10V02L03C44Hitachi GR2000-20H S-9181-61 07-01 ROUTE-OS6Juniper M20 5.5R1.2NEC CX5210 02.0(2e) 45.08.00The test instruments we used in the test are as followsAgilent streetr streaker 900Version Router examer 5.1,Build 11.15. Agilent QA RobotVersion Router Tester 5.3,Build 5.2The IPv6 core router test is composed of three partsProtocol conformance test, interoperability test and IPv6 performance test. raw material IPv6 Protocols and RIPngBasic IPv6 protocols include IPv 6 Specification (RFC2460), ICMPv6 (RFC2463), Neighbor Discovery (RFC2461), dispossessed Autoconfiguration (RFC2462), Path MTU Discovery (RFC1981), IPv6 acknowledgment Architecture (RFC1884) and etc., which are basic capabilities provided by an IPv6 implementation.RIPng is defined by RFC2080 and is the mention and expansion of RIPv2. Its basic capabilities are equal as RIPv2. The routing culture exchanged by RIPng can carry IPv6 addresses and prefixes. RIPng runs on IPv6 network, uses multicasting address ff029 as savoir-faire to transfer routing information. RIPng is not compatible with RIPv2. RIP protocol is typically used in small networks and is not deployed in large networks because of its scalability and performance, which is same in IPv6 networks.The test does not include basic IPv6 protocols and RIPng because we think both capabilities are most basic and most preliminary capabilities that should be provided in an IPv6 router, these capabilities are implemented and inter operated very well in the routers from 4 vendors, and the 4 tried routers have been tested publicly or non-publicly several times in different occasions and provided broad(a) data. Therefore, we think it is un needful to make efforts to repeat these work and we skipped this test and focused on more than challenged test items.BGP4+ Protocol Conformance TestAt present, the outside(a) gateway protocol used in the IPv4 network is BGP4. Its basic protocolsare defined in RFC1771. In order to carry IPv6 network information in BGP4 updates, IETF has defined a special topographic point multi-protocol BGP (MP-BGP), withal called IPv6 NLRI (Network Layer Reachability Information) to exchange IPv6 routing information, which is not a new version of BGP protocol, but an extension to BGP4. The extension is largely called BGP4+, which is compatible with BGP4. Refer to RFC2545 for its definition.Test Purpose and apply StandardsPurpose To test the implementation of BGP4+ and conform with rel ated standards for SUT (System chthonic Test). The following standards are referred in the testBates, T., Chandra, R., Katz, D. and Y. Rekhter, Multiprotocol Extension for BGP-4, RFC 2858, Jne 2000.Bates, T., Chandra, R., Chen, E., BGP Route Reflection An Alternative to rich Mesh IBGP, RFC2796, April 2000.Chandra, R. and J.Scudder, Capabilities Advertisement with BGP-4, RFC 2842, May 2000.Dupont, F. and P. Marques, Use of BGP-4 Multiprotocol Extensions for IPv6 Inter-Domain Routing, RFC 2545, March 1999.Rekhter, Y. and T. Li, A Border Gateway Protocol 4 (BGP-4) .Traina, P., McPherson, D., Scudder, J., Autonomous System Con compacts for BGP, RFC3065, February 2001.Test Methods in all the tests are based on topology emulation. One test port of instrument first-class honours degreely leavees network topology emulation, then executes pre-written scripts, interacts with the port of SUT, performs related BGP4+ protocol tests separately and each test generates Passed/Failed record. The tests can be divided into active tests and passive tests. Active test means the examiner is used to vagabond the state form of SUT and the correctness of message format while passive test means the quizzer is used to substitute with SUT using messages with errors.Test TopologyTest instrument and SUT use two independent Fast Ethernet or Gigabit Ethernet connections. All BGP4+ runs on the Fast Ethernet or Gigabit Ethernet connections.The carnal topology is as followsThe logical topology is as followsTest Items and Descriptions of Test ResultsThe BGP4+ protocol conformance test involves in the BGP multi-protocol extension, setup and transfer of BGP4+ IBGP and EBGP sessions, ability to elate IPv6 route updates, BGP4+ next skip, starting point, MED, local preference, AS_PATH, atom aggregation, community name and various properties, the ability of SUT to correctly process these properties, BGP4+ route reflector efficacy, BGP4+ federation capability.These tests can exactly en sure implementation of BGP4+protocol in SUT comply with the standard defined by RFC, and cant ensure SUT fully and successfully deploy BGP4+ routes in commercial IPv6 network.The following diagram briefly describes the test results. Attached table 1 includes all test items, description and detailed results of BGP4+ conformance tests for 4 routers. The test items and descriptions are extracted from RFC2858, RFC2545, RFC2842, RFC2796, RFC3065 and draft-ietf-idr-bgp4-14.txt part.Model Failed test itemsFujitsu GeoStream R920 2Hitachi GR2000-20H 5Juniper M20 1NEC CX5210 3Analysis of Test ResultsCapabilities not supportedConfederationRoute reflector, CommunityFujitsus GeoStreamR920 of current version does not support BGP4+ federation capability. In all BGP4+ test items it supported, the general performance is fairly good. What needs to be alter is sole(prenominal) one item that is to support the migration of indefinable property and handle interim duration.It is hoped to improve null i nterface which cant support next hop at present.Hitachis GR2000-20H of current version supports all test items, and is only product fully supporting BGP4+ protocols in the core routers from 3 Japanese companies. However, it needs to be improved in the following areas handling next-hop property of IBGP in BGP4+ protocol, using AS_PATH properties to prevent from route loop, the ability of route reflector to detect ORIGINATOR_ID. At the same time, we free-base in the interoperability test that GR2000-20H cant register non-physical direct-connection sessions with IBGP peering entities, which Hitachi needs to improve. It is hoped to add loopback address capability.Junipers M20 passes all tests except one item excellently.NECs CX5210 of current version doesnt support BGP4+ route reflector and community properties. In all BGP4+ test items it supported, the general performance is fairly good. However, it needs to be improved in handling BGP4+ federation AS_CONFED_SEQUENCE property. It is hoped to add null interface configuration.Interoperability TestAs above mentioned, IPv6 is in initial phase of commercial deployment at present. A large amount of IPv6-capable network equipments and terminals are available. IPv6 network built by the operators doesnt only use the equipment provided by a vendor. In multi-vendor network environment, the interoperability between equipment is vital.The interoperability test is composed of BGP4+ interoperability test and OSPFv3 interoperability test. It should be noted that specific items in the interoperability test only cover some most common properties of BGP4+ and OSPFv3, and are not the interoperability tests of all properties of BGP4+ and OSPFv3.BGP4+ InteroperabilityEstablish IBGP SessionsTest Descriptions The test is to verify GR2000-20H, CX5210, R920,M20 and fully mesh iBGP connections that can be establish.Reference RFC1771, RFC2545 and RFC2858.Test steps GR2000-20H, CX5210, R920, M20 and SUT are connected as shown in the fol lowing diagram.4 routers are in a same autonomous humankind and are coordinated using IBGP protocol to form a full-meshed IBGP connection. Test instrument and SUT are interconnected using EBGPconnection. Because GR2000-20H doesnt support IBGP across-router Session connection, we use a FE link to connect GR2000-20H to M20 to form a fully-meshed connection.Test ResultsWe substantiate whether iBGP sessions were established between GR2000-20H, CX5210, R920 and M20, and it was demonstrate all connections were set up successfully.GR2000-20H CX5210 R920 M20GR2000-20H N/A OK OK OKCX5210 OK N/A OK OKR920 OK OK N/A OKM20 OK OK OK N/AEBGP- Route AdvertisementTest Descriptions To verify GR2000-20H, CX5210, R920 and M20 can advertise routes powerful in a fully meshed networks.References RFC1771, RFC2545 and RFC2858.Test steps Establish network topology according to previous test, establish eBGP connection between tester and SUT, institutionalize ampere-second EBGP routes from tester to SU T.ResultsWe verified whether GR2000-20H, CX5210 and R920 and M20 routing tables were correct, and it was found all routing tables were correct.GR2000-20H CX5210 R920 M20GR2000-20H N/A OK OK OKCX5210 OK N/A OK OKR920 OK OK N/A OKM20 OK OK OK N/AEstablish EBGP SessionsTest Descriptions The test is to verify GR2000-20H, CX5210, R920 and M20 can establish a fully meshed eBGP connections.Reference RFC1771, RFC2545 and RFC2858.Test steps GR2000-20H, CX5210, R920 and M20 are connected as shown in the following diagram.Test DescriptionsWe verified whether EBGP sessions were established between GR2000-20H, CX5210, R920 and M20, and it was found all connections were established successfully.GR2000-20H CX5210 R920 M20GR2000-20H N/A OK OK OKCX5210 OK N/A OK OKR920 OK OK N/A OKM20 OK OK OK N/AEBGP Route AdvertisementTest Descriptions To verify GR2000-20H, CX5210, R920 and M20 can advertise EBGP routes decently.References RFC1771, RFC2545 and RFC2858.Test steps Establish network topology accord ing to previous tests, send routes from each router to all other routers.Test ResultsWe verified whether GR2000-20H, CX5210 and R920 and M20 routing tables were correct, and it was found all routing tables were correct.GR2000-20H CX5210 R920, M20rGR2000-20H N/A OK OK OKCX5210 OK N/A OK OKR920 OK OK N/A OKM20 OK OK OK N/AOSPFv3 InteroperabilityOSPF protocols supporting IPv6 is OSPFv3. OSPFv3 routing mechanism is basically same asOSPFv2. However, OSPFv2 relies primarily on IPv4, while OSPFv3 makes more improvements in OSPFv2 and is not a simple extension, in that locationfore OSPFv3, whose corresponding protocol is RFC2740, runs on IPv6. For real world applications, many operators regard OSPFv3 as a betray new protocol, also its stability and maturity need to be further verified, so when IPv6 routing protocols are selected, it tends to use IS-ISv6 (draft-ietf-isis-ipv6-02.txt), which is only a simple extension to IS-ISv4 (RFC1195) (2 TLVs re-defined) and does not make changes full y. However, it is sure the opinion is not classical and need to be proved.Because of the limitations of test instrument, It is required for SUT to provide 100M Ethernet interface. As CX5210 does not support Ethernet interface at present, just M20, R920 and GR2000-20H were involved in the testing. However, it does not ask that CX5210 cant interoperate with other 3 routers and has any problems with functions implementation.In the test, GR2000-20H is called SUT1 in short, M20 is called SUT2, and R920 is called SUT3.Establish OSPF Connections DR ElectionTest DescriptionsIn the initial status, set different OSPF priority levels for SUT1, SUT2, SUT3 and the test instrument (10, 8, 5, 0). Connect these equipments based on the network topology below.Verify SUT1, SUT2, SUT3 and test instrument to establish OSPFv3 adjacency and vote DR/BDR.After DR/BDR is established properly, entrust DR off the network, and check whether DR/BDR is established properly.Put off-net equipment on the network , and check whether DR/BDR is established properly.Change OSPF initialization priorities of SUT1, SUT2, SUT3 and test instrument, and implement new test from step 2. tell the tests for 4 times, and ensure each SUT and test instrument have one opportunity to be selected as DR and BDR under the intial status.During the test, all SUTs are in the same OSPF Area 0.Reference RFC2740Test ResultsDuring the testing, all the OSPF adjacencys can be established between SUTs and DR, also BDR can be elected properly. After DR is off-line, BDR can be re-elected as DR and the one with sub-top priority will be BDR. When off-line equipment is on-line again, no re-electing process occurs. All test results comply with the requirements in related standards. permute LSA DatabaseTest Descriptions Test instrument simulates an internal network with 4 routers connected, and sends the routing information to SUT. Then verify the routing information received by SUT DR from test instruments will be sent to DR Other correctly. Same as the previous test item, firstly SUT1 is used as DR, then SUT2, and terminally SUT3.Reference RFC2740Test ResultsDuring the testing, OSPF adjacency can be established properly between all SUTs. DR receiveLSA information from test instrument and properly send the information to DR Other, which can also receive and process LSA information properly.IPv6 action TestThe major approach used for the performance testing was to send the IPv6 merchandise with different bundle coats and specific QoS information, via SUT to the destination, and then by the tester measure the throughput, latency and software package loss of SUT in various topologies. For the IPv6 performance test, there are four vendors high-end IPv6 routers, with OC-48 POS ports on which throughput and latency will be measured, with IPv6 tract surfaces of 64 bytes, 128bytes, 256 bytes, 512 bytes, 1024 bytes, 1480 bytes and 1500 bytes. The performance in various of circumstances were measured, in cluding IPv4/IPv6 mixed traffics (IPv4 and IPv6 traffics with different ratio), IPv6 traffic with packet surfaces mixtures, Sweep share Sizes. Also the level best routing table entry supported and the performance on manually configured tunnels were verified. Most of the referred standards is extracted from RFC2544.At present, there are deficient applications for IPv6, and the number of users in the IPv6 network can not be compared to IPv4. The sum of maximum IPv6 of IX(Internet eXchage) traffics is lessthan dozens of Mbits/s. These traffics can be handled using a router refitted from a PC. Based on the circumstance, is it necessary to test the performance of OC48 ports ? Actually when the operators build IPv6 network and purchase IPv6 routers, todays IPv6 network is not under their consideration. Their networks should be able to deal with the changes and maturement of IPv6 network next 5 7 years. In this sense, it is necessary for IPv6 core router to support the IPv6 traffic fo rwarding capacities at wire rate. Otherwise, what differences can be made between a real IPv6 router and a router refitted from a PC with installed BSD and Zebra ?The measurement of the number of routing table entry also meets the same situations. At present, therere around 300-400 entries in the IPv6 backbone router routing table, which cant comparedto the huge number of IPv4 (110,000130,000 routes). Secondly, IPv6 has drawn experience and lessons from IPv4 in design and address assignment. RIR only assigns the large stave off and fixed length IPv6 addresses to IPv6 operators, instead of the end users. To some extent, this can protect IPv6 routing tables from the explosive growth. The strict prefix filtering mechanism was set on BGP4+ routers by most of IPv6 network administrators and the router only allows minor prefixes, such as /16, /24, /28, /32, /35 and etc. However, the experience of IPv4 teach us a lesson- Money Talks. In the fiercely competitive ages, it is very difficult for operators to reject users requirements. Under the conditions that IPv6 doesnt solve the problems of Multi-homing completely, it is possible that the network operators are required to broadcast users network prefixes into global IPv6 routing tables in order to achieve Multi-homing applications. So far RIR has begun to assign /48 address segment to IPv6 of IX independently, while it is suggested IX doesnt broadcast the addresses. Thirdly, in many IPv6 networks, there are at least two IPv6 addresses segments, from 6BONE(3ffe/16) and RIR(2001/16) respectively, and maybe more prefixes will appear in the future. Fourthly, RIR cant ensure IPV6 addresses appoint to IPv6 operators are from a continuous address block. Current assignment policy indicates that /32 addresses of IPv6 charge to operators can be continuously extended to /29. If new addresses are further required, they must be assigned to discontinuous address blocks and result in the growth of the number of routing tables. T o sum up, the test team suggests that the number of IPv6 routing tables supported by the router should be no less than that of IPv4 routing tables, since it is very difficult to estimate the increasing number of routing tables of IPv6 core network right now.In current IPv6 networks, commercial IPv6 network and IPv6 trial network (6BONE) are interlaced without a explicit boundary between them. A packet from commercial IPv6 network may go through many IPv6 trial network before arriving at another IPv6 network. The network administrators of many trial networks are not regarded as a operators, but a players It is pretty unstable of their networks, with routers reset very frequently. In the meantime, the networks advertise global IPv6 routes to all peers, making their own IPv6 network to implement transit. It causes the instability of current IPv6 of BGP routes, and thus it is required the capabilities of IPv6 routers cover the fluttering and convergence properly, which should be inclu ded in this test, nonetheless due to limited test time frame, it is a pity the test team has to give up these tests.The network topology used for the performance test is shown as followingIdeally, the test topology should be as following, so that the packet forwarding capability of the routers in real-world network environment is shown completely.Send one traffic from a source port of the tester, via multiple ports of the router to the destination ports of tester, measure the performance of the router. However as the vendors cant provide enough OC48 ports, the test team can only perform the test by simply sending packets from one port and receiving packets form another port. In this sense, this test environment cant simulate completely the performance of the router in the real-world network environment.The Measurement of Throughput and latency with opposite IPv6 Packets Sizes at OC-48 POS portTest Descriptions To test the maximum IPv6 packet forwarding rate of SUT with zero packet loss with different IPv6 packet sizes.Test Methods Send IPv6 packets, via SUT to the destination ports of the tester, which measures the packet rate of SUT according to the received IPv6 packets. Set the initial offered load to 2%, and If no packet loss occurs, add-on the offered load to 100% and repeat the test. If packet loss occurs, decrease the offered load to (100%+2%)/2=51%, repeat the test againIn a binary search manner, continue to increase or decrease the offered load in succeeding iterations until the difference in offered load between successful and failed tests is less than the resolution for the test. This is the zero-loss throughput rate. concern forwarding mode full duplex. Offered Packet type IPv6Offered Packet size (bytes) 64 128 256 512 1024 1480 1500 Test duration of each packet type(s) 5Bandwidth resolution (%) 0.1 Line BER tolerance (10_) -10The results are as followssustainable Throughput of OC-48 POS miencv.00%100.00%95.00%90.00%85.00%80.00%75.00%70.00%65. 00%60.00%55.00%50.00%64 128 256 512 1024 1480 1500bytes bytes bytes bytes bytes bytes bytesTest Packets Size clean Latency (us) at Variable Test Packets Size1009080706050403020100Test Packets SizeHitachiNECFujistu JuniperHitachi NECFujistu Juniper bank note About underlying latency of tester ahead we perform tests, we must consider intrinsic latency of tester. The following table indicates inherent latency of tester for different test packet sizes when sending 100% offered load.Inherent latency of tester (100% offered load)Packet Size (bytes) 64 128 256 512 1024 1480 1500Average Inherent 2.74 2.69 2.69 2.65 2.65 2.60 2.60Latency (us)From the above, the inherent latency of tester under different packet sizes is about 2.7us. Compared to the tens of us of SUTs latency, there are not significant conflicts on the test results. In addition, the impact of inherent latency is fair to these 4 SUTs. forwarding Performance of IPv4/IPv6 Packets on OC48 PortsTest Descriptions To verify the per formance of SUT to forward IPv4/IPv6 packets in offered packets sizes. The test requires SUT to support IPv4/IPv6 bivalent protocol stacks.Test Methods The tester sends IPv4 and IPv6 traffic simultaneously in full duplex configuration, via SUT to the destination port, measure the throughput and latency with various ratio of IPv4 and IPv6 traffic. Send traffic with 50% of IPv4 and 50% of IPv6 and 100% offered load first time. If packet loss occurs, decrease the offered load in 5% resolution until the difference in offered load between successful and failed tests is less than the resolution for the test. This is the zero-loss throughput rate. At the same time, measure the latency at maximum forwarding rate. Then change the ratio of IPv4 and IPv6 traffic to test again. Increase continuously the proportion of IPv6 traffic to simulate the change of traffic characteristics in the real-world network transition.Test DescriptionsOffered load (%) initial100% with 5% increment and final 0 Off ered packet types IPv6 share of IPv4 and IPv6 traffic 50501090 (IPv4IPv6) Offered packet size (bytes) 62 512 1518Test duration of each packet size(s) 5 The test results are as followsSustainable throughput of OC-48 POS port at packet size 64 bytes with different component ofIPv4 and IPv6 trafficSustainable Throughput of OC-48 POS Port at Packet Size 64 bytes with different contribution of IPv4 and IPv6 Traffic105%100% 95% 90%85% Hitachi80% NEC75% Fujistu70% Juniper65% 60% 55% 50%50/50 40/60 30/70 20/80 10/90IPv4/IPv6 Test Packets section (IPv4/IPv6)Sustainable throughput of OC-48 POS port at packet size 512 bytes with different percentage of IPv4 and IPv6 trafficSustainable Throughput of OC-48 POS Port at Packet Size 512bytes with different Percentage of IPv4 and IPv6 Traffic105%100% 95% 90%85% Hitachi80% NEC75% Fujistu70% Juniper65% 60% 55% 50%50/50 40/60 30/70 20/80 10/90IPv4/IPv6 Test Packets Percentage (IPv4/IPv6)Sustainable throughput of OC-48 POS port at packet size 1518 by tes with different percentage of IPv4 and IPv6 trafficSustainable Throughput of OC-48 POS Port at Packet Size 1518 bytes with different Percentage of IPv4 and IPv6 Traffic105%100% 95% 90%85% Hitachi80% NEC75% Fujistu70% Juniper65% 60% 55% 50%50/50 40/60 30/70 20/80 10/90IPv4/IPv6 Test Packets Percentage (IPv4/IPv6)Average latency (us) at test packets size 64 bytes with different percentage of IPv4 and IPv6 trafficAverage Latency (us) at Test Packets Size 64 bytes withDifferent Percentage of IPv4 and IPv6 Traffic100908070605040302010050/50 40/6 30/70 20/80 10/90IPv4/IPv6 Test Packets Percentage (IPv4/IPv6)HitachiNECFujistu JuniperAverage latency (us) at test packets size 512 bytes with different percentage of IPv4 and IPv6 trafficAverage Latency (us) at Test Packets Size 512 bytes with Different Percentage of IPv4 and IPv6 Traffic100908070605040302010050/50 40/60 30/70 20/80 10/90IPv4/IPv6 Test Packets Percentage (IPv4/IPv6)HitachiNECFujistu JuniperAverage latency (us) at test packet s size 1518 bytes with different percentage of IPv4 and IPv6 trafficAverage Latency (us) at Test Packets Size 1518 bytes withDifferent Percentage of IPv4 and IPv6 Traffic100908070605040302010050/50 40/60 30/70 20/80 10/90IPv4/IPv6 Test Packets Percentage (IPv4/IPv6)HitachiNECFujistu JuniperIPv6 over IPv4 Configured Tunneling Performance of OC-48 POS PortTest Description Tunneling technology is an effective means to connect separate IPv6 networks via IPv4 backbone. This item is to verify the performance of SUT when SUT encapsulates IPv6 data packets into IPv4 payload and forwards the packets.Test Method The tester sends IPv6 data packets to SUT, and configures an IPv6 over IPv4 tunnel between SUT and the tester. Thus after SUT receives pure IPv6 packets from the tester, it will encapsulate it into IPv4 packet payload, and send IPv6 packets to destination over IPv4 network. The tester analyzes the packets forwared by the SUT at receiving end, calculates the throughput of SUT for diffe rent sizes of packets under the IPv6 over IPv4 configured tunnel. Test ResultsIPv6 packet size 512Destination address of sending IPv6 data packets 3FFE0042/64Bandwidth range of sending IPv6 traInternet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) AnalysisInternet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) AnalysisOverviewInternet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the next generation of protocol defined by InternetEngineering Task force (IETF) to replace the exiting IPv4 protocol. At present, the majority of Internet users are still using IPv4 protocol, and given that most of current networking applications and network equipment run in IPv4 environments, the migration from IPv4 to IPv6 cant be accomplished overnight. It is predictable that the migration will be a long-term process (it is forecasted that the process will take 10 20 years). During the migration, IPv4 and IPv6 will coexist in a same network. This migration process poses new challenges on the routers that are the core equipment in IP network. Traditional route rs cant accommodate new future network with IPv4/v6 coexistence. The routers must be improved and upgraded so that they can support both IPv4 and IPv6.Given that the core router is very important and carries huge Internet traffics, it must be able to support IPv6 forwarding at wire rate. It means ASIC chip, but not software is used to support IPv6 packet processing. At the same time, it is very important that this support cant sacrifice any IPv4 performance. After all, most of current traffics is IPv4. The core router must expand to support IPv6 routing tables and needs to support IPv6 routing protocols, such as BGP4+, OSPFv3, ISISv6, RIPng and etc. It needs to support some migration strategy from IPv4 to IPv6, such as Tunnel, Dual Stack, Translation and etc.Same as many network technologies, successful deployment of IPv6 relies on the deployment of the operators IPv6 network. As one core component in IPv6 network, IPv6 core router is key to network building, applications, performan ce and stability. At present, mainstream router vendors like Cisco and Juniper announce that their routers can support IPv6 while some traditional IT equipment manufactures, especially those in Japan, think Internet upgrade caused by IPv6 will change the whole landscape of router market, which brings significant opportunities for them to enter router market. From 2000 to 2002, Hitachi, NEC and Fujitsu announced IPv6-capable core router to gain some market share in new Internet network.It must be admitted that IPv6 is still in the initial phase at present, which is reflected in the following aspects most IPv6 network is in trial phase, the number of access users is low, carried IPv6 traffics cant be comparable to IPv4, the interoperability between IPv6 equipment still needs to be proved, and network engineers lack in experience in large-scale deployment and operation of IPv6 network. The lack of data and experience is one of important causes that make some operators lack in confidenc e in IPv6 network deployment. Many operators take wait-and-see attitudes. In order to prove IPv6 router (especially IPv6 core router), the support to IPv6, how are they performed and interoperated, provide a practical data basis for the operators to deploy IPv6 network and provide a reference for equipment manufactures to evaluate and improve their equipment, BII(Beijing Internet Institute) collaborate with 6TNet (IPv6 Telecom Trial Network) in China tested IPv6 core routers from 4 vendors (Fujitsu, Hitachi, Juniper and NEC) in Beijing fromOctober to December 2002. BII performed protocol conformance, performance andinteroperability tests. In these tests, we used the test instruments provided by Agilent and received strong technical support from Agilent.The test is not a comparative performance test in different router vendors. The purpose is to verify the feasibility of IPv6 deployment. With this test, the test team thinks that all SUT (system under test) has the ability to support commercial IPv6 network and provide basic IPv6 capabilities. They can support IPv6 routing protocols, support the forwarding of IPv6 datagram at wire rate and provide interoperability between them. From perspectives of pure technology, the test team thinks the products have been ready to deploy basic IPv6 core network..Brief Descriptions of TestThe requirements for hardware provided by the SUT (system under test) are as followsIPv6-capable core routerOC48 SM ports (both ports must be in different boards)Supports both FE ports and GE ports. The number of FE ports and GE ports is no less than 3Finally, all vendors basically meet those requirements, although CX5210 provided by NEC doesnt support FE during the time of testing.The requirement for IPv6 capabilities provided by the SUT (system under test) include support of IPv6 forwarding in hardware and support of related IPv6 routing protocols and migration strategy. Finally, all vendors meet our requirements as shown in the following t able.Company IPv6 hardwareDual Stack RIPng OSPFv3 BGP4+ IPv6 over IPv4forwarding TunnelFujitsu 9 9 9 9 9 9Hitachi 9 9 9 9 9 9Juniper 9 9 9 9 9 9NEC 9 9 9 9 9 9The SUT (system under test) models and OS versions are shown in the following table.Company Model VersionFujitsu Geostream R920 E10V02L03C44Hitachi GR2000-20H S-9181-61 07-01 ROUTE-OS6Juniper M20 5.5R1.2NEC CX5210 02.0(2e) 45.08.00The test instruments we used in the test are as followsAgilent Router Tester 900Version Router Tester 5.1,Build 11.15. Agilent QA RobotVersion Router Tester 5.3,Build 5.2The IPv6 core router test is composed of three partsProtocol conformance test, interoperability test and IPv6 performance test.Basic IPv6 Protocols and RIPngBasic IPv6 protocols include IPv6 Specification (RFC2460), ICMPv6 (RFC2463), Neighbor Discovery (RFC2461), Stateless Autoconfiguration (RFC2462), Path MTU Discovery (RFC1981), IPv6 address Architecture (RFC1884) and etc., which are basic capabilities provided by an IPv6 implement ation.RIPng is defined by RFC2080 and is the extension and expansion of RIPv2. Its basic capabilities are same as RIPv2. The routing information exchanged by RIPng can carry IPv6 addresses and prefixes. RIPng runs on IPv6 network, uses multicasting address ff029 as destination to transfer routing information. RIPng is not compatible with RIPv2. RIP protocol is typically used in small networks and is not deployed in large networks because of its scalability and performance, which is same in IPv6 networks.The test does not include basic IPv6 protocols and RIPng because we think both capabilities are most basic and most preliminary capabilities that should be provided in an IPv6 router, these capabilities are implemented and interoperated very well in the routers from 4 vendors, and the 4 tested routers have been tested publicly or non-publicly several times in different occasions and provided good data. Therefore, we think it is unnecessary to make efforts to repeat these work and we skipped this test and focused on more challenged test items.BGP4+ Protocol Conformance TestAt present, the external gateway protocol used in the IPv4 network is BGP4. Its basic protocolsare defined in RFC1771. In order to carry IPv6 network information in BGP4 updates, IETF has defined a special property multi-protocol BGP (MP-BGP), also called IPv6 NLRI (Network Layer Reachability Information) to exchange IPv6 routing information, which is not a new version of BGP protocol, but an extension to BGP4. The extension is generally called BGP4+, which is compatible with BGP4. Refer to RFC2545 for its definition.Test Purpose and Used StandardsPurpose To test the implementation of BGP4+ and conform with related standards for SUT (System Under Test). The following standards are referred in the testBates, T., Chandra, R., Katz, D. and Y. Rekhter, Multiprotocol Extension for BGP-4, RFC 2858, Jne 2000.Bates, T., Chandra, R., Chen, E., BGP Route Reflection An Alternative to Full Mesh IBGP, RF C2796, April 2000.Chandra, R. and J.Scudder, Capabilities Advertisement with BGP-4, RFC 2842, May 2000.Dupont, F. and P. Marques, Use of BGP-4 Multiprotocol Extensions for IPv6 Inter-Domain Routing, RFC 2545, March 1999.Rekhter, Y. and T. Li, A Border Gateway Protocol 4 (BGP-4) .Traina, P., McPherson, D., Scudder, J., Autonomous System Confederations for BGP, RFC3065, February 2001.Test MethodsAll the tests are based on topology emulation. One test port of instrument firstly establishes network topology emulation, then executes pre-written scripts, interacts with the port of SUT, performs related BGP4+ protocol tests individually and each test generates Passed/Failed record. The tests can be divided into active tests and passive tests. Active test means the tester is used to verify the state machine of SUT and the correctness of message format while passive test means the tester is used to interfere with SUT using messages with errors.Test TopologyTest instrument and SUT use two ind ependent Fast Ethernet or Gigabit Ethernet connections. All BGP4+ runs on the Fast Ethernet or Gigabit Ethernet connections.The physical topology is as followsThe logical topology is as followsTest Items and Descriptions of Test ResultsThe BGP4+ protocol conformance test involves in the BGP multi-protocol extension, setup and transfer of BGP4+ IBGP and EBGP sessions, ability to receive IPv6 route updates, BGP4+ next hop, starting point, MED, local preference, AS_PATH, atom aggregation, community name and various properties, the ability of SUT to correctly process these properties, BGP4+ route reflector capability, BGP4+ federation capability.These tests can only ensure implementation of BGP4+protocol in SUT comply with the standard defined by RFC, and cant ensure SUT fully and successfully deploy BGP4+ routes in commercial IPv6 network.The following diagram briefly describes the test results. Attached table 1 includes all test items, description and detailed results of BGP4+ conform ance tests for 4 routers. The test items and descriptions are extracted from RFC2858, RFC2545, RFC2842, RFC2796, RFC3065 and draft-ietf-idr-bgp4-14.txt part.Model Failed test itemsFujitsu GeoStream R920 2Hitachi GR2000-20H 5Juniper M20 1NEC CX5210 3Analysis of Test ResultsCapabilities not supportedConfederationRoute reflector, CommunityFujitsus GeoStreamR920 of current version does not support BGP4+ federation capability. In all BGP4+ test items it supported, the general performance is fairly good. What needs to be improved is only one item that is to support the migration of undefined property and handle interim duration.It is hoped to improve null interface which cant support next hop at present.Hitachis GR2000-20H of current version supports all test items, and is only product fully supporting BGP4+ protocols in the core routers from 3 Japanese companies. However, it needs to be improved in the following areas handling next-hop property of IBGP in BGP4+ protocol, using AS_PATH pr operties to prevent from route loop, the ability of route reflector to detect ORIGINATOR_ID. At the same time, we found in the interoperability test that GR2000-20H cant establish non-physical direct-connection sessions with IBGP peering entities, which Hitachi needs to improve. It is hoped to add loopback address capability.Junipers M20 passes all tests except one item excellently.NECs CX5210 of current version doesnt support BGP4+ route reflector and community properties. In all BGP4+ test items it supported, the general performance is fairly good. However, it needs to be improved in handling BGP4+ federation AS_CONFED_SEQUENCE property. It is hoped to add null interface configuration.Interoperability TestAs above mentioned, IPv6 is in initial phase of commercial deployment at present. A large amount of IPv6-capable network equipments and terminals are available. IPv6 network built by the operators doesnt only use the equipment provided by a vendor. In multi-vendor network environ ment, the interoperability between equipment is vital.The interoperability test is composed of BGP4+ interoperability test and OSPFv3 interoperability test. It should be noted that specific items in the interoperability test only cover some most common properties of BGP4+ and OSPFv3, and are not the interoperability tests of all properties of BGP4+ and OSPFv3.BGP4+ InteroperabilityEstablish IBGP SessionsTest Descriptions The test is to verify GR2000-20H, CX5210, R920,M20 and fully meshed iBGP connections that can be established.Reference RFC1771, RFC2545 and RFC2858.Test steps GR2000-20H, CX5210, R920, M20 and SUT are connected as shown in the following diagram.4 routers are in a same autonomous domain and are interconnected using IBGP protocol to form a full-meshed IBGP connection. Test instrument and SUT are interconnected using EBGPconnection. Because GR2000-20H doesnt support IBGP across-router Session connection, we use a FE link to connect GR2000-20H to M20 to form a fully-mes hed connection.Test ResultsWe verified whether iBGP sessions were established between GR2000-20H, CX5210, R920 and M20, and it was found all connections were set up successfully.GR2000-20H CX5210 R920 M20GR2000-20H N/A OK OK OKCX5210 OK N/A OK OKR920 OK OK N/A OKM20 OK OK OK N/AEBGP- Route AdvertisementTest Descriptions To verify GR2000-20H, CX5210, R920 and M20 can advertise routes properly in a fully meshed networks.References RFC1771, RFC2545 and RFC2858.Test steps Establish network topology according to previous test, establish eBGP connection between tester and SUT, send 100 EBGP routes from tester to SUT.ResultsWe verified whether GR2000-20H, CX5210 and R920 and M20 routing tables were correct, and it was found all routing tables were correct.GR2000-20H CX5210 R920 M20GR2000-20H N/A OK OK OKCX5210 OK N/A OK OKR920 OK OK N/A OKM20 OK OK OK N/AEstablish EBGP SessionsTest Descriptions The test is to verify GR2000-20H, CX5210, R920 and M20 can establish a fully meshed eBGP connect ions.Reference RFC1771, RFC2545 and RFC2858.Test steps GR2000-20H, CX5210, R920 and M20 are connected as shown in the following diagram.Test DescriptionsWe verified whether EBGP sessions were established between GR2000-20H, CX5210, R920 and M20, and it was found all connections were established successfully.GR2000-20H CX5210 R920 M20GR2000-20H N/A OK OK OKCX5210 OK N/A OK OKR920 OK OK N/A OKM20 OK OK OK N/AEBGP Route AdvertisementTest Descriptions To verify GR2000-20H, CX5210, R920 and M20 can advertise EBGP routes properly.References RFC1771, RFC2545 and RFC2858.Test steps Establish network topology according to previous tests, send routes from each router to all other routers.Test ResultsWe verified whether GR2000-20H, CX5210 and R920 and M20 routing tables were correct, and it was found all routing tables were correct.GR2000-20H CX5210 R920, M20rGR2000-20H N/A OK OK OKCX5210 OK N/A OK OKR920 OK OK N/A OKM20 OK OK OK N/AOSPFv3 InteroperabilityOSPF protocols supporting IPv6 is OSP Fv3. OSPFv3 routing mechanism is basically same asOSPFv2. However, OSPFv2 relies primarily on IPv4, while OSPFv3 makes many improvements in OSPFv2 and is not a simple extension, thus OSPFv3, whose corresponding protocol is RFC2740, runs on IPv6. For real world applications, many operators regard OSPFv3 as a brand new protocol, also its stability and maturity need to be further verified, so when IPv6 routing protocols are selected, it tends to use IS-ISv6 (draft-ietf-isis-ipv6-02.txt), which is only a simple extension to IS-ISv4 (RFC1195) (2 TLVs re-defined) and does not make changes fully. However, it is sure the opinion is not authoritative and need to be proved.Because of the limitations of test instrument, It is required for SUT to provide 100M Ethernet interface. As CX5210 does not support Ethernet interface at present, just M20, R920 and GR2000-20H were involved in the testing. However, it does not imply that CX5210 cant interoperate with other 3 routers and has any problems wi th functions implementation.In the test, GR2000-20H is called SUT1 in short, M20 is called SUT2, and R920 is called SUT3.Establish OSPF Connections DR ElectionTest DescriptionsIn the initial status, set different OSPF priority levels for SUT1, SUT2, SUT3 and the test instrument (10, 8, 5, 0). Connect these equipments based on the network topology below.Verify SUT1, SUT2, SUT3 and test instrument to establish OSPFv3 adjacency and vote DR/BDR.After DR/BDR is established properly, put DR off the network, and check whether DR/BDR is established properly.Put off-net equipment on the network, and check whether DR/BDR is established properly.Change OSPF initialization priorities of SUT1, SUT2, SUT3 and test instrument, and implement new test from step 2. Repeat the tests for 4 times, and ensure each SUT and test instrument have one opportunity to be selected as DR and BDR under the intial status.During the test, all SUTs are in the same OSPF Area 0.Reference RFC2740Test ResultsDuring the testing, all the OSPF adjacencys can be established between SUTs and DR, also BDR can be elected properly. After DR is off-line, BDR can be re-elected as DR and the one with sub-top priority will be BDR. When off-line equipment is on-line again, no re-electing process occurs. All test results comply with the requirements in related standards.Exchange LSA DatabaseTest Descriptions Test instrument simulates an internal network with 4 routers connected, and sends the routing information to SUT. Then verify the routing information received by SUT DR from test instruments will be sent to DR Other correctly. Same as the previous test item, firstly SUT1 is used as DR, then SUT2, and finally SUT3.Reference RFC2740Test ResultsDuring the testing, OSPF adjacency can be established properly between all SUTs. DR receiveLSA information from test instrument and properly send the information to DR Other, which can also receive and process LSA information properly.IPv6 Performance TestThe major appr oach used for the performance testing was to send the IPv6 traffic with different packet sizes and specific QoS information, via SUT to the destination, and then by the tester measure the throughput, latency and packet loss of SUT in various topologies. For the IPv6 performance test, there are four vendors high-end IPv6 routers, with OC-48 POS ports on which throughput and latency will be measured, with IPv6 packet sizes of 64 bytes, 128bytes, 256 bytes, 512 bytes, 1024 bytes, 1480 bytes and 1500 bytes. The performance in various of circumstances were measured, including IPv4/IPv6 mixed traffics (IPv4 and IPv6 traffics with different ratio), IPv6 traffic with packet sizes mixtures, Sweep Packet Sizes. Also the maximum routing table entry supported and the performance on manually configured tunnels were verified. Most of the referred standards is extracted from RFC2544.At present, there are deficient applications for IPv6, and the number of users in the IPv6 network can not be compar ed to IPv4. The sum of maximum IPv6 of IX(Internet eXchage) traffics is lessthan dozens of Mbits/s. These traffics can be handled using a router refitted from a PC. Based on the circumstance, is it necessary to test the performance of OC48 ports ? Actually when the operators build IPv6 network and purchase IPv6 routers, todays IPv6 network is not under their consideration. Their networks should be able to deal with the changes and growth of IPv6 network next 5 7 years. In this sense, it is necessary for IPv6 core router to support the IPv6 traffic forwarding capacities at wire rate. Otherwise, what differences can be made between a real IPv6 router and a router refitted from a PC with installed BSD and Zebra ?The measurement of the number of routing table entry also meets the same situations. At present, therere around 300-400 entries in the IPv6 backbone router routing table, which cant comparedto the huge number of IPv4 (110,000130,000 routes). Secondly, IPv6 has drawn experience and lessons from IPv4 in design and address assignment. RIR only assigns the large block and fixed length IPv6 addresses to IPv6 operators, instead of the end users. To some extent, this can protect IPv6 routing tables from the explosive growth. The strict prefix filtering mechanism was set on BGP4+ routers by most of IPv6 network administrators and the router only allows minor prefixes, such as /16, /24, /28, /32, /35 and etc. However, the experience of IPv4 teach us a lesson- Money Talks. In the fiercely competitive ages, it is very difficult for operators to reject users requirements. Under the conditions that IPv6 doesnt solve the problems of Multi-homing completely, it is possible that the network operators are required to broadcast users network prefixes into global IPv6 routing tables in order to achieve Multi-homing applications. So far RIR has begun to assign /48 address segment to IPv6 of IX independently, while it is suggested IX doesnt broadcast the addresses. Thirdly, in many IPv6 networks, there are at least two IPv6 addresses segments, from 6BONE(3ffe/16) and RIR(2001/16) respectively, and maybe more prefixes will appear in the future. Fourthly, RIR cant ensure IPV6 addresses assigned to IPv6 operators are from a continuous address block. Current assignment policy indicates that /32 addresses of IPv6 assigned to operators can be continuously extended to /29. If new addresses are further required, they must be assigned to discontinuous address blocks and result in the growth of the number of routing tables. To sum up, the test team suggests that the number of IPv6 routing tables supported by the router should be no less than that of IPv4 routing tables, since it is very difficult to estimate the increasing number of routing tables of IPv6 core network right now.In current IPv6 networks, commercial IPv6 network and IPv6 trial network (6BONE) are interlaced without a explicit boundary between them. A packet from commercial IPv6 network may go thro ugh many IPv6 trial network before arriving at another IPv6 network. The network administrators of many trial networks are not regarded as a operators, but a players It is pretty unstable of their networks, with routers reset very frequently. In the meantime, the networks advertise global IPv6 routes to all peers, making their own IPv6 network to implement transit. It causes the instability of current IPv6 of BGP routes, and thus it is required the capabilities of IPv6 routers cover the flapping and convergence properly, which should be included in this test, however due to limited test time frame, it is a pity the test team has to give up these tests.The network topology used for the performance test is shown as followingIdeally, the test topology should be as following, so that the packet forwarding capability of the routers in real-world network environment is shown completely.Send one traffic from a source port of the tester, via multiple ports of the router to the destination p orts of tester, measure the performance of the router. However as the vendors cant provide enough OC48 ports, the test team can only perform the test by simply sending packets from one port and receiving packets form another port. In this sense, this test environment cant simulate completely the performance of the router in the real-world network environment.The Measurement of Throughput and Latency with Different IPv6 Packets Sizes at OC-48 POS portTest Descriptions To test the maximum IPv6 packet forwarding rate of SUT with zero packet loss with different IPv6 packet sizes.Test Methods Send IPv6 packets, via SUT to the destination ports of the tester, which measures the packet rate of SUT according to the received IPv6 packets. Set the initial offered load to 2%, and If no packet loss occurs, increase the offered load to 100% and repeat the test. If packet loss occurs, decrease the offered load to (100%+2%)/2=51%, repeat the test againIn a binary search manner, continue to increas e or decrease the offered load in subsequent iterations until the difference in offered load between successful and failed tests is less than the resolution for the test. This is the zero-loss throughput rate.Traffic forwarding mode full duplex. Offered Packet type IPv6Offered Packet size (bytes) 64 128 256 512 1024 1480 1500 Test duration of each packet type(s) 5Bandwidth resolution (%) 0.1 Line BER tolerance (10_) -10The results are as followsSustainable Throughput of OC-48 POS Port105.00%100.00%95.00%90.00%85.00%80.00%75.00%70.00%65.00%60.00%55.00%50.00%64 128 256 512 1024 1480 1500bytes bytes bytes bytes bytes bytes bytesTest Packets SizeAverage Latency (us) at Variable Test Packets Size1009080706050403020100Test Packets SizeHitachiNECFujistu JuniperHitachi NECFujistu JuniperNote About inherent latency of testerBefore we perform tests, we must consider intrinsic latency of tester. The following table indicates inherent latency of tester for different test packet sizes when sendi ng 100% offered load.Inherent latency of tester (100% offered load)Packet Size (bytes) 64 128 256 512 1024 1480 1500Average Inherent 2.74 2.69 2.69 2.65 2.65 2.60 2.60Latency (us)From the above, the inherent latency of tester under different packet sizes is about 2.7us. Compared to the tens of us of SUTs latency, there are not significant impacts on the test results. In addition, the impact of inherent latency is fair to these 4 SUTs.Forwarding Performance of IPv4/IPv6 Packets on OC48 PortsTest Descriptions To verify the performance of SUT to forward IPv4/IPv6 packets in offered packets sizes. The test requires SUT to support IPv4/IPv6 dual protocol stacks.Test Methods The tester sends IPv4 and IPv6 traffic simultaneously in full duplex configuration, via SUT to the destination port, measure the throughput and latency with various ratio of IPv4 and IPv6 traffic. Send traffic with 50% of IPv4 and 50% of IPv6 and 100% offered load first time. If packet loss occurs, decrease the offere d load in 5% resolution until the difference in offered load between successful and failed tests is less than the resolution for the test. This is the zero-loss throughput rate. At the same time, measure the latency at maximum forwarding rate. Then change the ratio of IPv4 and IPv6 traffic to test again. Increase continuously the proportion of IPv6 traffic to simulate the change of traffic characteristics in the real-world network transition.Test DescriptionsOffered load (%) initial100% with 5% increment and final 0 Offered packet types IPv6Percentage of IPv4 and IPv6 traffic 50501090 (IPv4IPv6) Offered packet size (bytes) 62 512 1518Test duration of each packet size(s) 5 The test results are as followsSustainable throughput of OC-48 POS port at packet size 64 bytes with different percentage ofIPv4 and IPv6 trafficSustainable Throughput of OC-48 POS Port at Packet Size 64 bytes with different Percentage of IPv4 and IPv6 Traffic105%100% 95% 90%85% Hitachi80% NEC75% Fujistu70% Juniper 65% 60% 55% 50%50/50 40/60 30/70 20/80 10/90IPv4/IPv6 Test Packets Percentage (IPv4/IPv6)Sustainable throughput of OC-48 POS port at packet size 512 bytes with different percentage of IPv4 and IPv6 trafficSustainable Throughput of OC-48 POS Port at Packet Size 512bytes with different Percentage of IPv4 and IPv6 Traffic105%100% 95% 90%85% Hitachi80% NEC75% Fujistu70% Juniper65% 60% 55% 50%50/50 40/60 30/70 20/80 10/90IPv4/IPv6 Test Packets Percentage (IPv4/IPv6)Sustainable throughput of OC-48 POS port at packet size 1518 bytes with different percentage of IPv4 and IPv6 trafficSustainable Throughput of OC-48 POS Port at Packet Size 1518 bytes with different Percentage of IPv4 and IPv6 Traffic105%100% 95% 90%85% Hitachi80% NEC75% Fujistu70% Juniper65% 60% 55% 50%50/50 40/60 30/70 20/80 10/90IPv4/IPv6 Test Packets Percentage (IPv4/IPv6)Average latency (us) at test packets size 64 bytes with different percentage of IPv4 and IPv6 trafficAverage Latency (us) at Test Packets Size 64 bytes w ithDifferent Percentage of IPv4 and IPv6 Traffic100908070605040302010050/50 40/6 30/70 20/80 10/90IPv4/IPv6 Test Packets Percentage (IPv4/IPv6)HitachiNECFujistu JuniperAverage latency (us) at test packets size 512 bytes with different percentage of IPv4 and IPv6 trafficAverage Latency (us) at Test Packets Size 512 bytes with Different Percentage of IPv4 and IPv6 Traffic100908070605040302010050/50 40/60 30/70 20/80 10/90IPv4/IPv6 Test Packets Percentage (IPv4/IPv6)HitachiNECFujistu JuniperAverage latency (us) at test packets size 1518 bytes with different percentage of IPv4 and IPv6 trafficAverage Latency (us) at Test Packets Size 1518 bytes withDifferent Percentage of IPv4 and IPv6 Traffic100908070605040302010050/50 40/60 30/70 20/80 10/90IPv4/IPv6 Test Packets Percentage (IPv4/IPv6)HitachiNECFujistu JuniperIPv6 over IPv4 Configured Tunneling Performance of OC-48 POS PortTest Description Tunneling technology is an effective means to connect separate IPv6 networks via IPv4 backbone. This item is to verify the performance of SUT when SUT encapsulates IPv6 data packets into IPv4 payload and forwards the packets.Test Method The tester sends IPv6 data packets to SUT, and configures an IPv6 over IPv4 tunnel between SUT and the tester. Thus after SUT receives pure IPv6 packets from the tester, it will encapsulate it into IPv4 packet payload, and send IPv6 packets to destination over IPv4 network. The tester analyzes the packets forwared by the SUT at receiving end, calculates the throughput of SUT for different sizes of packets under the IPv6 over IPv4 configured tunnel. Test ResultsIPv6 packet size 512Destination address of sending IPv6 data packets 3FFE0042/64Bandwidth range of sending IPv6 tra

Strategic Marketing by Nintendo Select an organisation

Strategic Marketing by Nintendo Select an organisationIntroductionStarting out as a defending card company when it was first founded in 1889, later entered the moving-picture show back up industry in 1985 Nintendo has since become the leading manufacturer and distributor of video-game softwargon program and hardw be (i.e. hold consoles and static consoles). Such success has largely been attributed to Nintendos ability to develop and manage some of the most innovative harvestions in the industry, where some belt up remained as one of the biggest seller of all time. Despite its success and the flowing position as the foodstuff leader in both the console and handheld market, Nintendo is facing increasing argument from its competitors Microsoft and Sony, the challenges on its market from the recent recession as well as the saturation of demand of the current generation of consoles. This rise go forth analyse some of the main strategical marketing tools covered in the modul e, and then evaluate and substantiate suggestions on how they chamberpot be accustom by Nintendo to manage its active fruits and harvest-festival portfolios or serve up to develop recent ones.Defining harvest-homeDue to the scope of the essay, the strategic marketing tools that exit be analysed will be mainly related to mathematical return. A product is either tangible or intangible it can be defined as a good, a service or even an idea or brand. It is an important factor in the marketing mix and can be a companys most important asset. A product can alike be broken into three levels, encumbrance, actual and augmented (as shown in fig. 1). It is important to none that the core product is not the product itself and is not tangible it is the basic benefits from gaining the actual product (Dibb, Simkin, Pride, Ferell, 2001).FigureNintendo has a range of products within the video game industry, from well- cognise(a) handheld consoles such as the Nintendo DS and the stati c video-game consoles such as the Wii, to a range of compatible video-game peripherals, accessories and softw ar from its studios. If we take the Wii for example, the core benefit to the exploiter would be the perceived enjoyment or fun from playing the console, the actual product would have the features of running the compatible games, while the augmented product would be the customer service and warranty the end-user could use when console breaks. Some of these products will be analysed in to a greater extent detail later on using the strategic marketing tools in vagabond to give more details on the current situation of the company and the market.The ToolsThere ar many marketing tools and concepts instantly to help companies assess their products and the market in order to make more informed decisions in planning. This section will concentrate on three of the strategic marketing tools relating to product as discussed within the module, with focus on the benefits and limitation s of each tool when applied to Nintendo and its products. harvesting lifecyclePerhaps one of the more widely known tools in managing products (Dhalla Yuspeh, 2009), the product lifecycle breaks down the progress of a product developing over time into four main coiffes mental home, growth, maturity, and dec pass. The arcdegrees can be seen on the graph in fig. 1. The first line represents the gross gross revenue a company has made, while the line below is the actual profits gained after deducting all the cost. Time is correspond on the horizontal axis.FigureSource http//tutor2u.net/business/marketing/products_lifecycle.aspAt introduction, despite the rapidly rising sales, it is likely that the profit remains in the cast out due to the considerable costs incurred to develop and launch the new product. During the growth period, as more people become aw be of the product and demand grows, sales and profit increase rapidly. After a period of time, growth in demand would start to slow as the maturity approaches. At the maturity stage, competition could be the strongest and it is also where the most profit can be earned. After the product formes maturity, sales and profit will fall into decline as the market shrinks. By understanding the stage a companys product is at, strategic decisions can be made to minimise cost or to boost sales.Many of Nintendos products can be perceived as following such cycle. One example can be seen from Wii, one of Nintendos most success products and the current market leader in static consoles. When it was first released in 2006, at that place was a lot hype about the new product amongst the bid community the product was part of the one-seventh generation consoles, and features the distinctive motion-sensitive controllers. Although the new console lacks the graphics and processing power of its rivals, Microsofts Xbox 360 and Sonys PS3 the features of which the traditional video- frolic communities (dominated by young male game rs) have placed great accent on, Nintendo has dramatically increased sales by expanding the market into new consumer segments (i.e. older generations and another(prenominal) casual gamers) (Mintel Oxygen, 2008). In 2009, sales have slowed as the market for the current generation of consoles reaches maturity, prompting Nintendo to lower the retail price in order to boost sales (Mintel Oxygen, 2010).While the Wii seemed to be going through the stages of a product lifecycle, yet, the product lifecycle would have been too simple for Nintendo to unspiritual most of their strategies and planning on. One of its limitations is that it cannot help managers to effectively forecast sales a reason for this would be that sales can be affected by a number of factors, internal and external. For instance, the product lifecycle could not have forecasted the recent recession which saw a decamp back on spending from the casual gamers who view Wii as one of the luxury goods, thus affecting the sale s.Another major limitation of the product lifecycle is that not all products will follow the typical lifecycle curve. An example can be seen from Nintendos Virtual son when it was first launched in 1995, the console uses a head-mounted unwrap and controller, but since it had many technological limitations, the product did not get the sales needed and was discontinued after one year (Fletcher, 2010). Here, the product did not reach growth and maturity after introduction, and went into decline soon after. Due to its simplicities and many other limitations ( Day, 1981), some critics even argues that companies can make costly mistakes and miss opportunities if decisions are establish on the product lifecycle concept, and would be better off using an information system for each product when deciding whether to promote or cut cost (Dhalla Yuspeh, 2009).Boston MatrixDeveloped by a large US consulting group, the Boston ground substance is a strategic planning tool that base around a prod ucts market growth rate and market partake when determining a marketing system (Donald , Hambrick, MacMillan, Diana, 1982). Each product is analysed in toll of relative market packet and market growth and placed onto a matrix, where it can be classified into four categories stars, cash cows, problem child/ unbelief mark and dogs. As seen in fig 3.FigureSource http//www.learnpremium.co.uk/cima/lesson2/page3.aspxStars are highly successful products with good prospects for growth and high share of the market, although they may use more cash than they generate in order to finance growth and increase capacity. Stars have the potential to become cash cows, where they have the dominant shares in the market but low growth, and more cash are generated than needed to maintain market share. With low market share and low potential for growth, products that are classified as dogs should be eliminated as they are likely to not generate cash for the company. Problem children, sometime called question marks, are products with low share of a high growth market. Some of the problem children can be turned into stars, which is why some companies still invests in them, although there is also a risk of them turning into dogs instead.The current generation consoles (the Wii and Nintendo DS range) from Nintendo can be oecumenicly be classified as cash cows, as they have the biggest share of their market but the markets are no longer growing as fast as it used to be. One of the dogs of the company would be the Game Boy Advance range (including Game Boy Advance SP and Game Boy Micro), the predecessor of the Nintendo DS range, sales and market share have dropped after the introduction of the newer renderings of the DS range. An example of the question mark product would be Nintendo DSi XL, which is a newer version of the DS range that provides all the features of the Nintendo DSi along with bigger screens. It was released in November 2009, and its futurity is still unsure as con sumers could prefer spending less on older versions that gives similar experience, rendering the DSi XL unnecessary (i.e. becoming a dog), or could potentially replace the older exercises and become a cash cow in future. The stars of Nintendo can be demonstrated by some of Nintendos video game software developed by its first-party studios, such as the Wii Fit, which was the third highest selling Wii game as of May 2010 (Nintendo Co., Ltd, 2010).Nevertheless, like the product life cycle model it was based on, Boston matrix, with only two dimensions (market share and market growth) is still too simplistic to use alone in making strategic decisions (Majluf, 1983). It also assumes that high market share is always related to higher rates of profit or the only success factor, and that the attractiveness of a market is not only indicated by its growth. For instance, although compared to the fast growing mainstream, casual gaming market with its large market size potential, the traditional hard-core gamer market with its narrower demographic could be seen as much less attractive. However, the latter group would also be willing to pay more for a higher specification console, and their grease ones palms are less likely to be effected by the economic conditions in the kindred way that has impacted the decision of the casual gamers. Also, despite a general interpretation that dogs should be eliminated, some dog products could be part of a successful product mix, and their existence could serve as one of the motivating factors for consumers to purchase a particular product from the company. An example can be shown from Nintendos accessory sector, where market look for has shown low market growth and low interest in accessories overall. However, many customers who chose to purchase Nintendo Wii could be influenced by the fact that parts can be replaced and purchased if required, i.e. extra controls are available for purchase should the customer want to play multi-player games. Despite its weaknesses, the Boston matrix can still serve as a simple and efficient tool to help Nintendo to predict where a product is at in its product lifecycle, for instance, question marks can be said to be on the launch stage, the stars are at the growth stage and cash cows are likely to be on the maturity stage.Ansoff MatrixThe previous two marketing tools can help companies to identify the stages their products are at, but does little to help the managers formulating on a set of strategies to arrive at growth. The Ansoff matrix is a tool that aids companies in making decisions on how to achieve growth depending on the product and the market it targets (Ansoff, 1965). It can be shown in a chart below, as seen in fig. 4.FigureSource http//tutor2u.net/business/strategy/ansoff_matrix.htmThe four strategic choices from the Ansoff matrix are market penetration, product development, market development and diversification. Market penetration is considered when marketing exi sting products to existing consumers, this can be achieved through promotions or repositioning the brand. For instance, after it was clear that Nintendos static consoles could not compete in terms of specifications (i.e. powerful processing capacity) with Sony and Microsoft within the hard-core gaming sector (Mintel Oxygen, 2008), the company repositioned its brand to appeal more to the wider public and families in order to increase sales.Product development occurs when companies market new products in existing markets. Within the video game console market, newer models are introduced in order to compete better with the latest features on the market. Within the Nintendo DS range, new models are released almost every year starting from the original Nintendo DS at release, then the handheld console became smaller with the DS Lite, later a webcam was added on to open up new possibilities with several games in the DSi model, and the current model, DSi XL features a bigger screen for pla yers. All these models compete in the handheld video game console market along with Sonys PSP, with each model offering a slightly different experience to the consumer, but still in the same generation of the video game consoles (Mintel Oxygen, 2010).Market development happens when companies seek growth by introducing existing products in new markets. This can be demonstrated when companies exporting their products into another country or region, thereby entering a new market. Nintendos consoles and games are usually released in Japan first the companys home market, before incoming and promote them overseas. Lastly, diversification is when the company choose to market all in all new products into new markets. This could be within the same industry as the existing products or going into an unrelated industry or sector. Nintendo first started out as a playing card company in the late 19th one C before it diversified into to the video gaming market by launching its first video game console, but still remained within the wider Toys and Games industry.As with the other tools, there are limitations and disadvantages on using the Ansoff matrix. Once again, the format of the two-by-two design similar to the Boston matrix can be too simplistic, and that the real-world markets and decisions are much more complex. Such as that diversification may contain many risks, i.e. lack of knowledge and experience of the new market, and that it may not be the stovepipe strategy for growth for some companies with limited resources. Also, although the Ansoff matrix can be used to identify the strategic path products may follow, and as with the Boston matrix can help simplify overly complex scenarios for easy and prompt analysis it does not provide the marketing options which mangers will need to make based on a wider and extensive research of the company and the market.Combining the toolsAll the strategic marketing tools evaluated here have both benefits and disadvantages to Nint endo. Also, the market conditions can transform over time, such as changes in trend, technological advances and economic conditions (Pride Ferrell, 2008). Therefore, in order to help managers to effectively manage and develop individual products and product portfolios, the scoop up approach will likely to involve using a number of tools. This section will look at how different marketing tools discussed previously along with other concepts can be used together by Nintendo in managing its products as well as developing new ones.Product managementProduct management can consist of planning, forecasting and marketing of a product in order to achieve the companys objectives. Nintendo may use the tools mentioned before to help it to create an overall view of its products.By using the Boston matrix on all Nintendos products that are currently on the market, one can find that there are some in each of the four categories, and some may lie on the lines between two classifications. As ment ioned in the introduction, the concept of product is not limited to just goods and service, and Nintendo has many products in its product portfolio. The Pokmon game brand were often referred to as one of Nintendos biggest cash cows by the gaming community, with each release for various platforms and little changes to the content and gameplay providing huge profit for the company. Therefore, for the Pokmon range, Nintendo may opt to spend relatively less investment in product development and promotion to maintain sales, and use the cash generated on investing in new innovations and other less successful products. The Boston matrix will also help Nintendo to identify what stage of the product lifecycle some of their products are currently in.When looking at the product lifecycle of the current generation of consoles, the slow sales growth indicates maturity of the market and the product. Therefore, Nintendo should consider developing the abutting generation consoles. However, care sh ould be taken in using the product lifecycle as not all products share the same trend. To get an accurate view on what stage of the product lifecycle a console is in, and also when it will move to the next stage, instead of only relying on the Ansoff matrix and market data, Nintendo could also compare it to its predecessors, i.e. the Wii compared with Nintendo GameCube and the DS with Gameboy, as the product lifecycle of similar products within similar markets should be more closely related though Nintendo should still be aware of some of the major differences in market and competition, such as changes in demographics of Nintendos customers and Sonys entrance into the handheld market with PSP, when comparing current generation of consoles with the last ones.Product developmentShould Nintendo decide to go into product development could be in an attempt to expatiate the product lifecycle of an existing product or to introduce a new product onto the market (based on Ansoff matrixs vie w of product development), there would also be number of considerations that demand to be taken. The company could choose to either make modifications to an existing line or to release a completely new product to replace the old one. For instance, if Nintendo want to extend the product lifecycle of its Pokmon game brand by boosting sales, the company would make a new release of another version of the existing games. Such move would not require a huge investment in product development, as the concept already exist and be to be hugely successful with a large base of loyal customers willing to get the latest version, so small changes such as packaging, ameliorate the graphic to adapt to the latest console, and small modifications to the storyline, would be sufficient enough to release another best-selling game onto the market.Figure Developing a completely new product such as the next generation of consoles would require a much bigger investment and time. Firstly, the company will n eed to make sure it has done the market research required to understand the market, in order to take advantage of the companys strengths. So far, Nintendo has been successful in expanding the market by identify attracting more casual gamers from the older generation and families, thus focusing on improving gaming experience around a wider group in order to make up for its loss of appeal (due to lower performance power) from the traditional hard-core gamers. The Kanos Model as shown in fig. 5 on product development and customer satisfaction (Bergman, 2003) can be used to help Nintendo to assess the requirements of the new consoles or other products. For instance, some of the expected needs could be better graphics and performance than the previous consoles.The company may also need to assess the technology available on the market and the limitations of developing new ones. Nintendo has already announced its next generation handheld console, the Nintendo 3DS, which apparently is capab le giving 3D visualisations on displays without glasses (Nintendo Co., Ltd, 2010). How well the company has evaluated its customer needs and expectations will be reflected on the success or failure (like the Virtual boy) after the product is available on the market.ConclusionOverall, the Ansoff matrix can be used as a framework for deciding upon strategies based on whether the market and the product is new or existing, the Boston matrix can be used to predict where a product is at its lifecycle based on relative market share and market growth rate, and the Product lifecycle can help companies to decide on a marketing strategy depending on the stage a product is in, although not all products go through each stage in the same way. All three tools are too simplistic and do not take into account of many real-world factors, thus extensive research on the wider market and the company is required before making strategic decisions.After evaluating the strategic marketing tools and applying them to Nintendo and its products, I believe that the best approach in managing and developing products or product portfolios is to not make judgements and strategic decisions based on one or two tools and concepts, but to use a gang of them. While managing existing products using the tools discussed here as well as extensive market research, Nintendo may decide to make modifications to its products or extend its line with a new product. Also, with the changing market conditions, Nintendo may find that it will need to change its strategic marketing approach overtime in order to adapt and manage risk to effectively manage and develop individual products and product portfolios.

Dysfunctional Families in Revolutionary Road and Anna Karenina Essay

Dysfunction within an individual can be the result of various occurrences, whether it is a traumatic experience that has stemmed into a life of self-doubt and vulnerability, or it is a series of unfortunate events that has led the individual to believe that life is simply an ongoing controversy. However, dysfunction within a family is much much than self-afflicted stress, it is rooted within the familial bonds that gradually break as a result of conflict, co-dependent adults, perhaps substance abuse, and oftentimes a struggle of conformity brought on by an external source. In the novels Revolutionary Road and Anna Karenina, Richard Yates and Leo Tolstoy depict familial dysfunction that can occur as a result of companionships overwhelming ability to alter perspective and act as a catalyst to mediocrity. The characters that choose to conform to societys moral set end up losing themselves in the process, causing dysfunction within the family unit whereas the characters that choose t o take their lives into their own hands and ignore societys animosity ultimately prevail and restore moral order within themselves and within their families. Firstly, in Anna Karenina, the protagonist, Anna, is isolated by her hypocritical society with superficial values, which in annul leads her to her downfall. Secondly, in Revolutionary Road, John and April Wheeler are conflicted with societys primary focus on materialism and wealth, which leads to the downfall of their dream causing their trades union to collapse. Similarly, both societies are led by the same motives where the protagonists of the novels seem to be corrupted by external sources, predominantly being their judgmental societies, which consequently causes the turpitude of their families. Lastly, ... ...selves, and ultimately within the family unit by gaining a sense of perspective on what sincerely yours matters, being inner content, as opposed to societies judgment. The conflict of what truly causes a family t o become dysfunctional wages on in literature, however Yates and Tolstoy inherently prove that the corruption of a family is typically the result of a flying society with deteriorated morals. BibliographyOlesen, John, Joanne Fallon, and Louise Mark. Groups a manual for chemical dependency and psychiatric treatment. Santa Fe, NM (342 Hillside Ave., Santa Fe 87501) CL Productions, 1993. Print. Tolstoj, Lev Nikolaevi. Anna Karenina. Complete and unabridged. ed. Ware (Hertfordshire) Wordsworth, 1995. Print.Yates, Richard. Revolutionary road. 3rd Vintage contemporaries ed. new-sprung(prenominal) York Vintage Contemporaries, Vintage Books , 2008. Print.

The Need For Universal Health Care Essay -- Medicine Medical Essays Ar

The Need For Universal wellness Care Like many college students I have to pinch pennies to hold it through school. Every last penny counts when budgeting my monetary supply. As a result of this I have found that I do not have enough to spare to pay for health insurance. Unlike most college students I am over the age of 23 and so not covered by my parents insurance. Since I am only employed part time I am also not able to restrain it from work. This puts me in the company of the more than 42 million Americans who do not have health insurance. It is past time that the United States join the rest of the modify countries that have already decided to provide their citizens with health care. I believe a single payer health care system is necessary. A subject health care system would provide a number of benefits. To begin with, it would cut the overall costs of health care. Secondly it would actually decrease bureaucracy by removing the many layers of insurance paper work patients an d physicians are forced to go through in our current system. Finally it would increase life foretaste by allowing more money conscious Americans to receive adequate prevention instead of waiting until an illness becomes worse. All of these reasons point towards a national health care program as being the solution we need. Some opponents of single payer sytems, mostly financed by insurance companies that stand to lose billions from such a plan, point to some of the other countries that have enacted such plans as an advisory against our following suit. However they fail to take into account some of the methods unique to those countries and overdo some of the problems while ignoring our own.Single payer health programs are set up so that all... ... that we, as a nation that considers ourselves civilized can make to ensure the health and safety of our populace. Works CitedCanham-Clyne, John, Woolhandler, Steffie, and Himmelstein, David. The Rational Option. For A National Health Prog ram. Stony Creek, Connecticut The Pamphleteers Press, 1995 Fisk, Milton. Toward a Healthy Society The Morality and governing of American Health Care Reform. Lawrence Kansas University Press of Kansas, 2000 Kuttner, Robert. ?The Efficiency of Universal Health Care.? Boston Globe. 12 February 2000. http//www.globe.com/dailyglobe2/044/oped/The_efficiency_of_ universal_health_careP.shtml Sheils, John F. and Haught, Randall A. Analysis of the Costs and Impact of Universal Health Care Models for the State of Maryland The Single-Payer and Multi-Payer Models. 2 May 2000. http//www.healthcareforall.com/summary.html